Radiocarbon dating the earliest settlers of the South Pacific

The question of when the first people expanded into the Pacific is much debated. Associate Professor Fiona Petchey is involved in several projects that provide greater chronological resolution to this question.

Dating the first settlers of the Mariana Archipelago

When did the first explorers set off into the wide-open seas of the remote Pacific?

The date of the first settlement of the Mariana Islands remains critical to this debate, and ¹⁴C dates of shell appear to indicate settlement as early as 3500 years ago. However, ¹⁴C is not distributed evenly throughout the marine environment, and estuarine taxa are more likely to incorporate carbon from terrestrial sources, complicating the interpretation of shell ¹⁴C results. Regions where water has percolated through limestone bedrock, provide an additional problem since ancient carbon is introduced into the estuarine waters. Petchey developed a tri-isotope approach using ¹⁴C, δ¹³C, δ¹⁸O to identify the sources of carbon in shells. She demonstrated that some shellfish are more prone to erroneous ¹⁴C ages, including Anadara antiquata and Gafrarium pectinatum, both taxa commonly found in Pacific archaeological sites.

This 'hard water' effect explains old 3500-year-old results from Bapot-1 on the island of Saipan. Petchey's research has shifted the age of the site by 200-300 years, which brings the first movement of people into Remote Oceania into alignment with the movement of people throughout the Bismarck Archipelago.

Teouma: The Lapita People

The discovery of a Lapita cemetery at Teouma on the island of Efate in Vanuatu provided a unique opportunity to find out more about this enigmatic group of Pacific explorers. Radiocarbon dating of the Teouma site, including 36 Lapita-age burials, five dates on Conus arm rings, and dates on midden material, demonstrated that the burial ground was regularly used by 3110-2710 cal BP. Recently, researchers extracted the DNA from three of the individuals buried at Teouma. This analysis connected these individuals to burials dating from around 2,680 to 2,340 years ago, from Talasiu, Tongatapu.

The Lapita/Polynesian transition; evidence from To’aga, American Sāmoa

The distribution of sites with dentate-stamped ceramic pottery maps the first human presence in Remote Oceania. This 'Lapita' culture is first recognised in the Bismarck Archipelago, possibly as early as 3350 years ago, reaching its easternmost extent in the Tongan and Sāmoan archipelagos around 2850 years ago. The timing of the first landfall on each island group by these Lapita explorers has been the subject of several chronological evaluations, but many parts of this story remain controversial. Of note are debates over the timing of the gradual loss of dentate-stamped Lapita ceramics and their replacement with undecorated ceramics (termed Polynesian Plainware). This significant change in material culture marks the beginning of Ancestral Polynesian society within a West Polynesian 'homeland'.

To’aga, on the island of Ofu, is a site that falls within this transition period. A new regional marine calibration methodology (below)  has placed the first use of the site between 2785 and 2607 cal BP demonstrating that change was rapid and settlement of the Tongan and Samoan islands was far from fleeting.

South Pacific marine ¹⁴C

Variability in the marine ¹⁴C during the period of importance to human settlement—the last 3500 years—has been poorly studied. It is essential to rectify this so we can build robust archaeological chronologies. Published known-age marine ¹⁴C values indicate that a significant decrease in the South Pacific ΔR (the regional offset from the global marine calibration curve) occurred between 2600 and 2250  cal BP and around 600 cal BP.

Selected publications:

Petchey, F. and Clark, G. (2021).  Clarifying the age of initial settlement horizon in the Mariana Islands and the impact of hard water. A response to Carson 2020. Radiocarbon 63(3):905-913.

Petchey, F., & Schmid, M.M.E. (2020). Vital evidence: Change in the marine ¹⁴C reservoir around New Zealand (Aotearoa) and implications for the timing of Polynesian settlement. Scientific Reports, 10(1):8 pages, doi:10.1038/s41598-020-70227-3.

Lipson, M., Spriggs, M., Valentin, F., Bedford, S., Shing, R., Zinger, W., Buckley, H., Petchey F.,. . . Reich, D. (2020). Three phases of ancient migration shaped the ancestry of human populations in Vanuatu. Current Biology, 11 pages,doi:10.1016/j.cub.2020.09.035.

Petchey, F. (2019). New evidence for a mid - to late-Holocene change in the marine reservoir effect across the South Pacific Gyre. Radiocarbon,  1-13, doi:10.1017/rdc.2019.103.

Petchey, F., & Kirch, P. V. (2019). The importance of shell: Redating of the To’aga site (Ofu Island, Manu'a) and a revised chronology for the Lapita to Polynesian Plainware transition in Tonga and Sāmoa. PLOS ONE, 14(9),  e0211990, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0211990.

Petchey, F., Clark, G., Lindeman, I., O'Day, P., Southon, J., Dabell, K., & Winter, O. (2018). Forgotten news: Shellfish isotopic insight into changing sea-level and associated impact on the first settlers of the Mariana Archipelago. Quaternary Geochronology,  48:180-194, doi:10.1016/j.quageo.2018.10.002.

Skoglund, P., Posth, C., Sirak, K., Spriggs, M., Valentin, F., Bedford, S., Clark, G.A., Reepmeyer, C., Petchey, F.,. . . Reich, D. (2016). Genomic insights into the peopling of the Southwest Pacific. Nature, 538(7626):510-513, doi:10.1038/nature19844.

Petchey, F., Spriggs, M., Bedford, S., & Valentin, F. (2015). The chronology of occupation at Teouma, Vanuatu: Use of a modified chronometric hygiene protocol and Bayesian modelling to evaluate midden remains. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 4:95 -105, doi:10.1016/j.jasrep.2015.08.024.

Petchey, F., Spriggs, M., Bedford, S., Valentin, F., & Buckley, H. (2014). Radiocarbon dating of burials from the Teouma Lapita cemetery, Efate, Vanuatu. Journal of Archaeological Science, 50:227-242, doi:10.1016/j.jas.2014.07.002.

Petchey, F., & Clark, G. (2011). Tongatapu Hardwater: Investigation into the ¹⁴C marine reservoir offset in lagoon, reef, and open ocean environments of a limestone island. Quaternary Geochronology, 6(6):539-549, doi:10.1016/j.quageo.2011.08.001.